Hydrogen chloride (HCl), a colorless gas, becomes the commonly used hydrochloric acid when dissolved in water. Its formal chemical name is "hydrochloric acid." This is a highly corrosive inorganic acid with important industrial applications. The acid in our stomachs is also gastric acid. Gaseous HCl is known as marine acid gas.
Hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid, and the following reaction occurs in water: HCl + H_2O = H_3O^+ + Cl^-
Therefore, hydrochloric acid can be used to produce other chlorides (such as NaCl). Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, as it essentially dissociates completely in water.
History:
Because it could be produced from sulfates and common salt, hydrochloric acid was historically named muriatic acid and spirits of salt. These names are still used in some countries today, such as Germany and the Netherlands.
Around 800 AD, an alchemist named Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Jabir ibn Hayyan) mixed sodium chloride and sulfuric acid to produce hydrochloric acid for the first time. Jabir discovered many common chemicals and wrote more than 20 books to document his theories, which included knowledge of hydrochloric acid and other basic chemical substances. He invented a solution composed of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (aqua regia), which alchemists were interested in using to create the "philosopher’s stone."
2NaCl + H_2SO_4 = Na_2SO_4 + 2HCl\uparrow
Later, European scientists (including Glauber, Priestley, and Davy) used hydrochloric acid in their scientific research.
In 1772, Joseph Priestley of Leeds, England, obtained pure hydrogen chloride, and in 1818, Humphry Davy of Penzance, England, confirmed that the chemical substance contained the two elements hydrogen and chlorine.
Large-scale production of hydrochloric acid began during the Industrial Revolution. In the chemical industry, hydrochloric acid is used on a large scale for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane. There are, of course, many other applications, such as household cleaning, the production of alum, use as a food additive, as well as rust removal and leather processing. Approximately 200,000 tons of hydrochloric acid are produced annually.
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, the demand for alkaline substances increased significantly. Nicolas Leblanc’s (France) inexpensive industrial production method was used for the large-scale production of sodium carbonate (Na_2CO_3, soda ash). In this method, common salt is converted into soda ash using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. It was not until the British Parliament passed the Alkali Act in 1863 and similar actions were taken in other countries that the excessive release of hydrogen chloride into the air was prohibited. Consequently, soda ash producers had to use water to absorb the hydrogen chloride, and thus the industrial production of hydrochloric acid began.
In the 20th century, the Leblanc process was replaced by the Solvay process, which does not produce hydrogen chloride. Since hydrochloric acid had already become an irreplaceable commodity in many industries, people began to research other methods of producing it, some of which are still in use today. After the year 2000, the primary source of hydrochloric acid has been the absorption of hydrogen chloride gas produced during the manufacture of industrial organic compounds.
Since 1988, hydrochloric acid has been listed under the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because it can be used in the production of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine.
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